The Development of Bathsheba Everdene in Far from the Madding Crowd Ess

The Development of Bathsheba Everdene in Far from the Madding Crowd â€Å"Far from the Madding Crowd†, by Thomas Hardy is about an immature nineteen-year-old girl called Bathsheba Everdene; she has difficulties throughout the novel. She has some good and bad experiences. These are with three different characters. In the beginning of the novel Bathsheba is vain, insensitive, egocentric and stubborn. She gradually develops through the novel as she becomes less vain, stubborn, insensitive, and egocentric and becomes more confident, caring and more determined to make her farm work, this shows how her character changes as she looks at the bad things that have happened in her life and tries to put them right. As she progresses through the novel her responsibilities become more demanding. These roles make her an independent and successful lady. She also becomes more sensitive and responsible towards men. Bathsheba 'major fault’ is an immature and vain young nineteen-year-old woman. Bathsheba is unaware of her own actions as she leads men on without knowing. A way in which this can be shown is the fact that she is aware of Oak having feelings for her but despite this she lead him on. She shows this when Oak asks her to marry him, but she doesn’t like the idea of it until he mentions that she will get publicity. Oak suggests that he would publish their marriage in the wedding section in the public newspaper and she goes along with it as she will get known, but when he starts saying he needs commitment, she slowly losses interest and this shows that she has no real reason for wanting to marry him apart from the fact that she wants attention. â€Å"Dearly I shall like that† This leads onto her showing her vanity as ... ...y gifts all labelled to Bathsheba in six years time. In conclusion Bathsheba emotions change, as she knows that Oak will be leaving. â€Å"Leaving England, Why Gabriel, what are you going to do that for?† This news shows that this is the worst time she has had as Oak has been there for her through everything. She has had mixed feelings foe three different men which make her grow. She soon realises that she is in love with him; her love for him makes her grow and become very mature near the end of the novel. Bathsheba marries Oak as she realises that he is the right man for her and will be able to tame her and be there for her. Each of the three men helped he develop and become a more confident and responsible lady. Though the whole of the whole of the novel Bathsheba had problems and she managed to resolve them, which made her a better character.

Book Borrowing System Essay

Introduction Manual systems in libraries were used in the 1970s and early 1980s until computers became more prevalent and less costly. Manual systems tended to operate with a card index to monitor the books that borrowers had out. Libraries also used a manual card catalog system for indexing and tracking books. Manual operating systems are vulnerable to human error. For instance, a librarian who misfiles a borrower’s records or indexes a book incorrectly slows down the process and wastes employees’ time. Manual systems are also slow to operate. Instead of using a computer to issue and take back books, locating and updating a card index is slow and laborious. Manual systems are unable to store large amounts of data efficiently. With manual systems staff spends a lot of their time on mechanical, clerical tasks rather than liaising with library visitors. User’s Description Most likely the one that who will use the system are students, and teachers that has no time in going System Description Library Management System is a multi-user version and can take care of all the fundamental functions of a Library like borrowing books, searching for books and checking the books. It can satisfactorily cater to all the basic functions of a small library. A simple library management system that provides following facilities login, register, add Category, add / remove book, search / issue Book, return book. Library system keeps track of all the transaction that takes place in the library. Starting from book transaction to financial transaction. Purpose and Objectives The Purpose and Objectives of the project is to create a library management system which sorts the administrators, staffs and students separately. It empowers each with different levels of privileges. Users and administrators are allowed to search and lend/take books from the library. It also sorts the items in the library and lets administrator to monitor items/members and also generate graphical reports for them. Scope and Limitation Any education institute can make use of it for providing information about author, content of the available books. It can be used in offices and modifications can be easily done according to requirements. System’s Features < Only basic knowledge of computers is required for operating of Library Management System. As it has a user-friendly application interface. < An inbuilt Settings module makes Library Management System flexibility to cater to diverse organizational needs. < Keeps records of supplier’s and binder’s < Staff as well as student record is maintained ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM CONTEXT DIAGRAM USE CASE DIAGRAM USE CASE SPECIFICATION: login 1. Brief Description To interact with the system, LMS will validate its registration with this system. It also defines the actions a user can perform in LMS. 2. Flow of Events 1. Basic Flow The use case begins when the actor types his/her name and password on the login form. 1. The system displays the Main Form and the use case ends. 2. Alternative Flow(s) 1. Invalid username and/or password If the user enters an invalid username and/or password, the system displays an error message. The user can choose to either return to the beginning of the Basic Flow or cancel the login, at which the use case ends. 3. Pre Conditions None 4. Post Conditions If the use case is successful, the user can now log into the system. If not the system is unchanged. USE CASE SPECIFICATION: Search Books 1. Brief Description Search Books makes it easy to search for article on LMS. With this search companion, user can specify several search criteria. For example, type, book name, author name, publisher etc. 2. Flow of Events 1. Basic Flow The use case starts when the user/borrower wants to search what books he/she is looking for. 1. System will show searching screen. 2. User enters required information. a. It can be user name, book description ISBN etc. 3. By pressing search button system will list down all searching results. 2. Alternative Flow(s) 2. 2. 1. The User enters a invalid keywords. The system will display an error message. The user may choose to re enter the keyword or cancel the search. 3. Pre Conditions Actor must login to the system. 4. Post Conditions If the use case is successful the user can now view the desired results. If not the system displays an error. USE CASE SPECIFICATION: Manage Borrower 1. Brief Description From this use case the Librarian can manage Borrowers. 2. Flow of Events 2. 1. Basic Flow The use case starts when the Librarian checks the borrowers in the borrowing system. 1. The system will show the entire registered user in the system. 2. Librarian will select any user; system will list down all information of a current user. 1. Alternative Flow(s) 2. 2. 1. The actor enters a invalid name of the borrower. The system will display an error message. The Actor may choose to re enter the keyword or cancel the search. 2. Pre Conditions Librarian must login to the system. 3. Post Conditions If the use case is successful the actor can now manage the members in the system, if not the system is unchanged USE CASE SPECIFICATION: Manage Books 1. Brief Description Books have different details; Inquiry Books is used to inquiry all books or articles in the system, it also gives details of its transaction history, and current status. 2. Flow of Events 2. 1. Basic Flow The use case starts when the user will manage books or articles. 2. 1. 1. User enters the required information. 2. 1. 2. It can be author’s name, ISBN of the book, Label, Number of books available. By pressing the search button system will list down all searching results. 2. 2. Alternative Flow(s) 2. 2. 1. The user enters invalid information about the book. The system will display an error message, the user chooses to cancel or Repeat the search. 3. Pre Conditions The Actor must login to the system. 4. Post Conditions If the use case is successful the user can now view his/her desired results, if not the system is unchanged. USE CASE SPECIFICATION: Manage Borrowed Books 1. Brief Description  System will show members current issued books, transaction history and their deadlines. 2. Flow of Events 2. 1. Basic Flow The use case starts when the actor will check the Books Borrowed in the system. 2. 1. 1. The system will display all user history. 2. 2. Alternative Flow(s) 2. 2. 1. The user enters invalid information. The system will display an error message, the user will choose to cancel or repeat the information that he/she entered. 3. Pre Conditions The user must login to the system. 4. Post Conditions If the use case is successful the user can now view his/her desired results, if not the system is unchanged. ACTIVITY DIAGRAM:

Poverty And Minimum Wage ( Temp Title ) - 1431 Words

Ethan Wilhm Professor Amy Click English Composition 1 11 October 2017 Poverty and minimum wage (temp title) Based on the poverty threshold, or the smallest annual salary required to live as determined by the government, more than forty million people in America live in poverty (â€Å"UC Davis Center for Poverty Research†). That’s forty million people who make less money than the bare minimum required to support themselves or their family. Of those forty million, nineteen and a half million make less than fifty percent of the bare minimum they need to support themselves (â€Å"UC Davis Center for Poverty Research†). The only reason many of these people or families can support a stable life is thanks to many government welfare programs. Worst yet is†¦show more content†¦The only changes made to this value have been to adjust for inflation (â€Å"What is the Current Poverty Rate in the United States†), additionally this value is, for the most part, left unchanged when applied to families from other states (â€Å"What are poverty thresholds and poverty guidelines†). These large generalizations result in multiple factors and their impact on a family budget being insufficiently covered. Factors such as the differing cost of housing, food, and services between the states, modern technology’s growing presence in the workplace, car payments, and more are not adequately expressed in the poverty threshold. This ultimately ends with a troubling misinterpretation of the minimum income needed to survive in a modern environment. Supporting yourself or your family off minimum wage pay is exceedingly difficult. Modern day expenses are too much to support off minimum wage, and people will inevitably start to cut back certain expenses which could end up hurting them later. Created by Amy K. Glasimeier, a professor of economic geography and regional planning at MIT, in 2004; the living wage calculator calculates a living wage value which represents the minimum hourly wage a family unit needs to supp ort a bare minimum life style (â€Å"The Living Wage Calculator†). The living wage calculatorShow MoreRelatedStakeholder Capitalism Vs. Shareholder Capitalism1573 Words   |  7 Pagesinto consideration. In the book, Hand to Mouth: Living in Bootstrap America by Linda Tirado, Tirado talks about temp work. According to her temp work is worse off than the minimum wage. Temp work is when companies help save money, they would hire temp workers for years. They do it because it is cheaper than hiring labor directly, and they have the right to do so. 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HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 DiversityRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pageswhich includes activities from the textbook plus additional bonus activities for each chapter. ââ€"   Media Enhanced WebAssign (ISBN 0-495-10963-0) Enhanced WebAssign is the most widely used homework system in higher education. Available for this title, Enhanced WebAssign allows you to assign, collect, grade, and record homework assignments via the web. This proven homework system has been enhanced to include links to the textbook sections, video examples, and problemspeciï ¬ c tutorials. Enhanced WebAssign

African-American History Timeline 1865 to 1869

In just four short years, the lives of enslaved and already freed African-Americans would change drastically. From being granted freedom in 1865 to citizenship in 1868, the years proceeding the Civil War would be vital not just to the rebuilding of the United States, but the ability of African-Americans to become full citizens. 1865 General William T. Sherman issues Special Order No. 15, granting 400,000 acres of coastal land in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida to newly freed African-Americans.Abraham Lincoln signs the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The amendment outlaws enslavement.Congress creates the Freedmens Bureau. The purpose of the Bureau is to provide healthcare, education and other assistance to newly freed slaves.The Civil War ends on April 9 when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia.Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in Washington D.C.African-Americans in Texas receive news that slavery has ended on June 19. This date is celebrated as Juneteenth.  Former Confederate states establish Black Codes--laws to disenfranchise African-Americans.Six former members of the Confederacy organize the Ku Klux Klan in Pulaski, Tenn. The organization uses various acts of violence to terrorize African-Americans in the South.Attorney John S. Rock becomes the first African-American to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court. 1866 Congress approves the 14th Amendment, granting African-Americans citizenship. The amendment also guarantees due process and equal protection under the law to all citizens.Fisk University is established in Nashville, Tennessee, a pioneer among the historically black colleges and universities.Between May 1 and May 3, an estimated forty-six African-Americans are killed, and countless are injured by whites in Memphis. Ninety homes, twelve schools, and four churches are torched in the Memphis Massacre.The creation of four African-American regiments are established in the United States Army and are known as the Buffalo Soldiers. Until the Spanish-American War, African-Americans can only serve in the 9th and 10th Calvary Regiments as well as the 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments. 1867 African-Americans residing in Washington D.C. are granted the right to vote after Congress overrides Andrew Johnsons veto. Shortly after, Congress passes the Territorial Suffrage Act, giving African-Americans the right to vote in the West.Morehouse College is founded as Augusta Theological Institute. That same year several other African-American colleges are founded including Howard University, Morgan State College, Talladega College, St. Augustines College and Johnson C. Smith College.Congress passes the Reconstruction Acts. Through these acts, Congress can divide ten out of eleven former Confederate states into military districts and reorganizing the state governments of the former Confederacy.Visual artist and sculptor Edmonia Lewis creates Forever Free, depicting an African-American couple as they receive news that enslavement has ended. 1868 The 14th Amendment is ratified to the Constitution. The amendment grants citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in the United States.On September 28, the Opelousas Massacre takes place. White Americans in opposition to the Reconstruction and African-American voting kill an estimated 250 African-Americans in Opelousas, La.General Ulysses S. Grant is elected president.John Willis Menard becomes the first African-American elected to Congress. Representing Louisianas Second Congressional District, Menard is not able to be seated as a result  of an election dispute.Howard University Medical School opens, becoming the first in the United States to train African-American doctors. 1869 The 15th Amendment, guaranteeing African-American men the right to vote is sent by Congress for states approval. The amendment will be ratified in 1870.Ebenezer Don Carlos Bassett becomes the first African-American diplomat and presidential appointee when he is made minister to Haiti.The Colored National Labor Union is established by Isaac Myers in Baltimore.George Lewis Ruffin is the first African-American to become the recipient of a law degree after graduating from Harvard Law School.

The Validation Of The Staxi 2 Essay - 1282 Words

Conceptualization The major question behind this study was to further examine the validation of the STAXI-2 in clinical settings. It was expected that the STAXI-2 would show reliability in both its internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It was also believed that the trait scales of the STAXI-2 would be more significant than the State Anger Scale. Tithe STAXI-2 scales were predicted to be associated with at least three of the personality traits: Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. It was also predicted that the general population would express less anger and less often than the clinical population and the forensic population. The State-Trait Anger Theory attempts to explain how individuals express and experience anger. This theory explains that anger can be felt as both temporary states and as a trait (how the individual typically feel). State-Trait Anger Theory Individuals with a high trait anger express state anger more frequently than individuals with low trait anger. It has been known that anger is present in psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, PTSD, etc. Individuals that have been diagnosed with these disorders and experience anger report more anger and dissatisfaction toward their treatment outcomes and behavioral treatment. In a study by Cullari (1994) individuals diagnosed with mental illnesses had significantly higher scores on the STAXI-2 than participants with no mental

Sales Management for Sales Forecast and Budget - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSales Management for Sales Forecast and Budget. Answer: As per the case study, Sonia persuades her manager regarding the sales budget and the sales forecast in the form of explaining the manager about the essentiality sales forecast and the sales budgeting. The characteristics features of the sales forecast and the sales budgeting represents that it brings flexibility in the budgeting and also the working can be explained to be justified. Moreover, the efficiency of the organization is seemed to be increased as it is showing the effective planning which shows the essentiality of the sales management and also the control (Berry, 2010). Therefore, the persuasion can be easily made by illustrating the importance of the sales forecast and the sales budget in the sales management and control. The advice which must be provided to the manager by her is represented to be showing the sales management method of the audit. The sales management method of the audit will enable in managing the forecasting of the sales with Managing the key accounts. Therefore the appropriate and the trustworthy data can be generated by the usage of this method and also it will help in projecting the revenues as it is being characterized (Sharma, 2010). This advice will enhance the efficacy of the processes used in the organization and also the benefits can be easily achieved. References Berry, T. (2010).Sales and market forecasting for entrepreneurs. New York: Business Expert Press. Sharma, N. (2010).Sales management. Jaipur, India: ABD Publishers.

What is the make up requirement for the characters ‘Rama’ and ‘Ravana’ in a Kathakali performance free essay sample

‘The Ramayana’ is considered as one of the great Hindu (Indian) epics of the fourth century BC that uses the performance style of the traditional Indian dance drama—Kathakali. Kathakali (literally, ‘story play’) is a type of total theatre, which is described as dance-drama. It performs dramatized stories in the form of combining dance, acting and music. Actors never speak on stage, as the text is present by the onstage vocalists. Therefore their body movements, hand gestures and facial expressions are always important. With facial gestures, the actor must be able to manipulate their facial muscles in order to effectively portraying their role. Their face articulation is enhanced by the ornate and symbolized makeup. Thus, a company, who wishes to perform ‘The Ramayana’ in a Kathakali style should understand the makeup requirements as its uniqueness and symbolism ‘transforms the actors into a wide variety of idealized and archetypal character types’ . Hence, it is crucial to obtain research of this specific element of Kathakali. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the make up requirement for the characters ‘Rama’ and ‘Ravana’ in a Kathakali performance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ‘The Ramayana’ portrays a prince who sacrifices himself to defeat the evil in the world, and depicts the concept of ‘order vs. chaos’, where ‘order’ is promoted by god and ‘chaos’ is caused by demons. The two ideal representatives of god and demons in ‘The Ramayana’ are Rama and Ravana, which both are ‘unnatural’ characters. Yet, the complexity of the make up presented by Kathakali actors can allow audience to have a realistic touch of the unearthly characters. In the following, I will be focusing on Rama and Ravana’s makeup requirements. Kathakali make up, is peculiarly native to the Kerala (south west region of India) folk art. Once the actor put on the makeup that represents his character, they are no longer themselves, they have assumed the life of the character they are playing . Generally the makeup is highly exaggerated by using bright and bold colours and intentionally to change the normal proportions of the human face . A highly stylized make up is the primary aesthetics effect combining with vivid facial expressions provides audiences to identify the hero and demon immediately in the performance. The style of makeup differs according to the type of character. While other theatre practices might identify the two elements in terms of a character’s individual personality, Kathakali symbolizes role- types . Hence, before look at the requirements, it is necessary to first explore the role type. Generally, the Kathakali characters for the purpose of make up can be classified in to three role types in terms of their nature and virtues : Sattvika, Rajsika and Tamasika. Sattvika has a virtuous personality, all characters of God celestial beings and saints, for example, can be included. While Rajsika is the complete opposite of Sattvika, it is a class that evil and fierce characters join into. Lastly, Tamasika characters are usually involved in the terrific and destructive acts in the play. Costume and make-up are so appropriately divided among the above three types of character, it allows audiences easily explore and appreciate the nature of the role- types and the complicated theatrical pattern of Kathakali. ‘The Ramayana’, talks about the journey of Prince Rama to achieve greatness. Rama can be classified in the group of Sattvika. In the play, there are a lot of significant events that proves Rama is in the class of Sattvika. Even in the beginning of the play, when he met Sita and set her as his ideal wife. Sita’s father forces Rama to stringing a large bow that is as big as a mountain to prove his worthiness for marrying his daughter. He was able to do so under a large crowd watching. This not only allows him to marry Sita, but also he is publicly acclaimed as a hero. Moreover, Rama’s behavior certainly presents a noble personality. The best example will be when slysly Kaikeyi speak in the behalf of Dasaratha and said he has decided to crown Rama’s brother, Bharatha as the king (originally Rama will be crowned today), and command Rama to go away and dwell in the forest without a decent reason. Rama didn’t refused to do so and obey Kaikeyi, even when his teacher Vasishtha stop him, he answered ‘Forgive me. It is my duty to obey her also, since she derives her authority from my father, and he ahs given her his word. ’ This clearly reveals that his virtuous and godly personality. This role type is the most refined of all in the Kathakali repertory. They  are never permitted to speak or even make a sound on stage. It is also reflected in the dignified and balanced makeup, which let audiences to focuses attention on the actor’s eyes and total facial expression. The type of make up that Rama can be used in Kathakali is called Paccha as it is specifically for Sattvika and epic heroic characters. This type of make up is suitable for characters that are upright, moral and full of a calm inner poise . The Paccha make up first has a deep green base where green in Kathakali represents godliness, and could reflect the basic inner exquisiteness of Rama. There is a stylized mark of Vi  u on his forehead i. e. yellow base and markings of red and black, which can be shown in the below figure. Visnu is a minor Vedic god and is considered have had nine earthly incarnations, where Rama is one of them. Figure 1. Vi u mark The treatment for eye is essential. Eyebrows in painted in a black soft curving pattern and black is also used for underlining of the lower lids. Both of the exaggerated and stretched eye make up extends to the side of the face, near the temples. The shape of the thick eyeliner that frames the eyes is assume to be the shape of broad-blade sabre of a sweeping curve of a bow . Also, the white of the eye has to be reddened, the redden eyes is called crimson eyes. This is done because it stands in contrast to the colour scheme of the face. By making the crimson eyes, Paccha characters has to put in a few young seeds of cundapoou in their eyes. Then by rotating their eyes, the seed colour (brilliant red) will dissolved in his eyes. Pacca’s lips will paint in brilliant coral red. Instead of a wavy –like red lips, there is two circular attachments at both end of the mouth that look as if smiling. It is because the ‘these two sides circular patches is to get self- position and restraint to the character, which qualities are wanting in other role types. ’ Finally, in order to finish the make up, a cutti will be added to frame the entire face from ‘ear to ear’ . A cutti looks like multi-layers of white paper that each white paper is come out from the previous one. The purpose of a cutti is to change the normal structure of the actor’s face by widening the jawline and narrowing again at the chin. The below figure is the whole make up look for Rama, a Pacca character in the class of Sattvika, which concludes the above description. Figure 2. Rama’s make up Additional information about the role type Sattvika is that: a medium circular crown is usually worn. First it is to symbolize the high status of Rama, prince, and second to balances the thick and upturning shape of the black eyebrows and curve of the cutti. Figure 3: Rama’s makeup with crown On the other hand, Ravana can be classified into the role type, Rajsika. This type of role usually has a streak of nobility in their blood, and Ravana in this play is the ruler of Lanka. Ravana is an ambitious yet arrogant character. Although he is a bad spirit and demon, he has some redeeming qualities, which is exactly the trait of an Rajsika character. For instance, when before he thinking of creating chaos, he is confused that he will curse the moon for being unpredictable. However, his demon force of disorder has cloud his mind, and eventually creating pure chaos. Non-sensibly, he has also blames all of his problems on Sita, claiming that if she wasn’t that beautiful, he would never fallen in love and make this foolish mistake of kidnapping her. This can truly reveals he is weak to admit his faults. Moreover, in the battle of Ravana and Rama, Ravana has chosen to use his magic weapon, Maya, which created illusions and confused the enemy , which reflects his surreptitious and devil character quality. For the role type Rajsika, which Ravana is one of them, are distinctively treated with makeup, Katti. This is because Katti is especially suitable for demoniac characters whom standing against the hero of the play, where in this play Ravana is fighting against the hero, Rama. Compared with Paccha, the make up of Katti is more complicated. The term ‘Katti’ means the knife, as the shapes in the makeup are sharply bent daggers. The foundation colour of Katti is green indicating this type of character is too high born. While his evil and arrogance can be represent by the nose that painted in red. Then, two red board, flat- ended curves that is highly shaped and highlighted with white frame is rise up to the forehead, above eyebrows from the bridge of the nose. In addition, on the forehead, between the two red curves there are white lines across the forehead with an upturned capital ‘A’. Moreover, Then the red paint on the nose rises up to a stylized red moustache framed by white rice paste and black colour as a border. The curls of the moustache on either side of the face are over cheeks. The upturning point of the moustache is directly pointed to the eyes. The whole image is like a red patch, moustache, covering the upper jaw , which can be shown in the below figure. The astonishing combination of red and green can create high accomplishment as well as evil designs. Figure 4. The use of red on katti characters Thus the use of red on Katti characters can build up the demoniac nature and symbolized the devilish in the actions. The use of white has no a particular function, yet it can reinforce the effect of the colour red, and can exaggerate of the evil motives of an evil character. Also, the lips will be painted in red too, and there are in the same shape as Pacca’s lips, which on the side of the lips contain circular red patches. In order to add fierceness to the terrifying appearance of Ravana, two long protruding canine teeth are perched on the side of the mouth . Comparing this to a Pacca character, although both characters are using the same color tone for their makeup: green base with red accents. It is noticeable that the makeup of eyes has given Katti a total extension to the evil face. It emphasizes and exaggerates the villain expressions. First, Katti have used a very thick under eye line to trace his eyes. Then, the upper eyebrows paint will start from the inner edge of the outer crescent of the white rice-paste, a line curls up round the nose and comes to rest in the cavity of the eyebrow. And that black paint will be extend to the area of red patterns on the forehead, then the two colours, black and red will create a contacting feeling and further exaggerate the red patterns. The eyes are extended on the both side towards the base of the nose and the temples, and strengthen the ignoble being of Ravana, a Katti character. This can be shown in the above figure. Figure 5. The eye make up of Katti (Kalamandalam Shanmukhan as Ravana) The final feature to represent Katti’s evil nature in the make up, are the two protrusions—white knobs (called chuttipuvvus) on the face which they are stick to the nose-tips and middle of the forehead. The sizes of the white bulbs vary for each Katti character in terms of the cruelty of him. The more wicked the character is, the larger is the size of these knobs. For Ravana, both white bulbs are in the same size, and it should be using the largest size due to the fact that he keeps creating serious and foolish chaos in the play. Instead of a plain nose and patterns of a virtuous character with the help of the nature of colour, these two white bulbs can further symbolize overbearingness of Ravana. Similar with Rama, a Pacca character, Ravana wears a cutti and the eyes have to redden as well. And the below diagram can conclude the make up of Ravana that wears a Katti make up. Figure 6. The completed makeup of Ravana All the makeup materials that are used in Kathakali are naturally made. The paint made by colour stones. It is first powered and filtered before sulphur and a greasy substance usually coconut oil are mixed to make a paste . While the paint of cutti is mixed by rice-paste and lime, and when it dries it will form a solid and hard shape. On every night’s performance, the actors will have their makeup done in an area called ‘green room’. The completed makeup for both of the characters, Rama and Ravana will usually take two to four hours. However, the makeup artist does not do the whole makeup process. The actors have to first begin their makeup by outlining the major patterns on their face. Then, he will go to a makeup artist, which he will apply the appropriate rice-paste patterns layer by layer . Ravana, for example, the makeup artist will need to trace the pattern of the moustache. After that the actor will need to colour the patterns by themselves. As Kathakali is a traditional India type of art, and all theatre company will generally follow the traditional, especially on the makeup, costumes, headdress. Thus, all theatre company would do same makeup for Rama and Ravana. Concluding, actors who want to portray the role of Rama and Ravana of The Ramayana in the Kathakali style must aware of their own makeup style. Although the realism in the makeup is temporal, the true state of the character mind is portrayed through it. Also, due to the fact that a make up is the first aesthetic element that audiences observe from their character, which they are able to distinguish the two completely different role types— Sattvika and Rajsika. In other extreme words, this element can control and alter the interpretation of audiences towards the characters, as well as the facial movements that the actor creates for his own character. Bibliography (Critique of Sources) Literary Sources 1. Gayanacharya Avinash C. Pandeya â€Å"The Art of Kathakali† Publisher: Kitabistan, Allahabad (India), 1961 â€Å"The Art of Kathakali† is first published in 1943, and the version that I read is the second edition, which is published in 1961. The author has revised and enlarged the information, in order to add a new set of illustrations to facilitate a further and deeper understanding of the art: Kathakali. The book has included a range of facts and analysis on Kathakali theatre: origin, techniques, costumes, makeup and gestural codes. During the process of completing the work, Pandeya has studied the basic trait of people of Kerala was studied in order to reach to the deep roots of kathakali. Other than this fresh experience, he has a close contact with the scholars on kathakali for few years. At the same time, he has got guidance and assistance with Guru Gopi Nath, who has started a dance school at Madras. Despite the lack of bibliography, the author acknowledges a variety of sources that he used and adopted in his research at the end of the book, i. e. mainly literary sources (books and contemporary writings). I then researched his sources, and it appears that they are unbiased information. This book has provided detailed information on the every aspect of the Kathakali theatre. I especially found the makeup part useful. However at the same time, it is difficult to read, as there are a lot of Indian terms, which I have to take time to understand. 2. Phillip B. Zarrilli â€Å"The Kathakali Complex: Actor, Performance, Structure† Publisher: Abhinav publications (India), 1984 â€Å"The Kathakali Complex: Actor, Performance, Structure† is another collection of information on Indian Dance drama, Kathakali. It has also focused on different aspect of the theatrical style. However the author, Pillip Zarrilli, has used much more simply terms to explain the elements. Therefore it is suitbale for individual and dramaturge that with little knowledge at the beginning, as the book begins with narrative account of three kathakali performances, then detailed account of the actor in performance. Phillip Zarrilli is notable British practitioner of the Indian material arts, including Kathakali. He made repeated trips to India to engage in advanced training. Also, has worked with Indian choreographers on several international projects. With that much experiences and positions in Kathakali (performer, director, participant, dramatrug), along with his surveys on expert, he has conducted a very reasonable and logical research. Hence, I think this book is reliable. I especially found the chapters ‘The Kathakali actor in performance’ and ‘an overview of the creation of the Kathakali actor’ interesting and useful for my RI. The most unique and useful part of this book is that it has provided a list of figures and diagrams with annotation at the beginning of the book, which makes readers very conveniently can able to search for information. 3. Reginald Massy â€Å"India’s Dance† Publisher: Abhinav Publications (India), 2004 Reginald Massey has written on the culture, music, religious and dance of India in different papers, for example, The times, The Guardian and The Dancing Times of London. His book, â€Å"India’s Dance† consists different type of Indian dance, and one of them is kathakali. Although the introduction of kathakali is less, it is useful and concise. The use of this book in my RI is little, yet it is important, as I have used this book as checking/ supporting my other sources. This can ensure my sources are correct and they are presenting facts instead of opinions. 4. Prof. Stephen Hagin â€Å"Reading Guide: The Ramayana† Publisher: Kennesaw State University, 2008 Although â€Å"Reading Guilde: The Ramayana† is not directly linked into my Research Investigation, it is a reading guide that provides a very detailed background of the play, Ramayana. Also, it has included notes on each chapter and brief summaries of the themes. I think that the analysis this guild is valid as it was written by Prof. Stephen Hagin. He is an assistant Professor of English at Kennesaw State University, and has wrote, edited and designed three college English textbooks before. However, there is no bibliography with his work, which it is hard to determinant the reliability of this study. Online Sources 5. Video by Kerala Tourism of the process of Kathakali Make-up http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=iu5pGb_fpE8feature=player_embeddedLast visited: April 1st, 2013 This video is posted on the youtube. com. It is the first sources that gave me a full image about how Kathakali makeup look like, as well as the process of makeup. Without narration or caption, the whole video is simple just showing the process of Kathakali makeup. Also, this video did not specify the name of the performance and characters. Therefore, a further investigation of the Kathakali makeup features and the role types is needed. Although this video was found on the Internet, and it is told that we have to cautious about Internet sources, I think that this is a reliable and valid resource. It is because it is posted by the Kerala Tourism and meaning that it is a government video to attract visitors. Hence, the authority power of the government is strong enough to trust. 6. Jeanette Issa, Introduction of Kathakali (July 2012) http://postcolonialstudies.  emory. edu/kathakali/ Last visit: March 20th, 2013 This website provide me a general introduction to Kathakali as well as some brief analysis about other theatrical elements including makeup. The Internet may not be the most reliable platform, yet this site has provided me multiple hyperlinks to other websites, giving other information for example the history and some audio clips. I thi nk this is a credible source, as it has referenced different type of sources that the author has used, for example websites and literary works (books and articles). At the same time, the last update of this website is July 2012, which is the latest written sources among all of my sources. Therefore I think the author can able to provide a more update to date information about Kathakali. 7. Rajeeb, Rodolfo, Shiv, Kathakali- Make up and Costume (2000) http://library. thinkquest. org/C006203/cgi-bin/stories. cgi? article=mc §ion=dance/classical/kathakaliframe=parent Last Visit: March 21st, 2013 This website is specifically talk about the makeup and costume about Kathakali theatre, and it is analyzed according to the role types. Although it is not very detailed, the words and terms are easy to read and understand. Therefore this website instead of helping my Research Investigation, it is to allow me have a background information about the role types in Kathakali. Although this website is created by three students all from secondary school, they are supervised by their teachers, which two of them are Indian and one of them is Amercian, form The Shri Ram School. However, as the students did not citied their resources, I doubt the reliability of this website.